Bluetooth Simulation

VIDYAVARDHINI’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION FINAL YEAR [2004-2005] A REPORT ON BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY PREPARED BY JANHAVI KHANOLKAR NAVEEN BITRA YASHESH MANKAD TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORY 3. WHAT IS BLUETOOTH? 4. BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATIONS 5. BLUETOOTH NETWORKS 6. HOW DOES BLUETOOTH WORK? 7. BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL STACK 8. BLUETOOTH SECURITY 9. APPLICATIONS 10. MERITS AND DEMERITS INTRODUCTION: Bluetooth was originally conceived to replace the rat’s nest of cables typical in any PC setup today and this remains a compelling home application.However, as the Bluetooth evolved it became clear that it would also enable a totally new networking paradigm, Personal Area Networks (PANs)! With PAN technology a user will be able to organize a collection of personal electronic products (their PDA, cell phone, laptop, desktop, MP3 player, etc. ) to automatically work together. For instance the contact manager and calendar in the P DA, laptop, and desktop could all automatically synchronize whenever they are within range of each other). Over time PANs will revolutionize the user experience of consumer electronics.Finally, Bluetooth’s dynamic nature will also revolutionize connectivity to the rest of the world. Bluetooth will automatically discover devices and services nearby so available servers, internet access, printers etc. will automatically become visible to a Bluetooth device wherever it is. HISTORY: Bluetooth is an open specification for short range wireless voice and data communications that was originally developed for cable replacement in personal area networking to operate all over the world.By enabling standardized wireless communication between any electrical devices, Bluetooth has created the notion of a personal Area Network (PAN), a kind of close range wireless network that looks set to revolutionize the way people interact with the information technology landscape around them. In 1994 t he initial study for development of this technology started at Ericsson, Sweden. In 1998, Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, and Intel formed a Special Interest Group (SIG) to expand the concept and develop a standard under IEEE 802. 15 WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network ).In 1999, the first specification was released and accepted as the IEEE 802. 15 WPAN standard for 1Mbps networks. The Bluetooth SIG considers three basic scenarios: †¢ The first basic scenario is the Cable Replacement ie. the wire replacement to connect a PC or laptop to its keyboard, mouse, microphone, and notepad. It avoids the multiple short range wiring surroundings of today’s personal computing devices. †¢ The second scenario is ad hoc networking of several different users at very short range in an area such as a conference room. The third scenario is to use Bluetooth as an AP to the wide area voice and data services provided by the cellular networks, wired connections or satellite links. Why th e name Bluetooth? The story of origin of name Bluetooth is interesting. †Bnluetooth† was the nickname of Harald Blaatand, 10th century Viking who united Denmark and Norway. When Bluetooth specification was introduced to public, a stone carving, erected from Harald Blaatand’s capital city Jelling was also presented. This strange carving was interpreted as Bluetooth connecting a cellular phone and a wireless notepad in his hands.The picture was used to symbolize the vision in using Bluetooth to connect personal computing and communication devices. What is BLUETOOTH? [pic] Figure1: Bluetooth system blocks The Bluetooth system consists of a radio unit, a link control unit, and a support unit for link management and host terminal interface functions (see Figure 1). The Host Controller Interface (HCI) provides the means for a host device to access Bluetooth hardware capabilities. For example, a laptop computer could be the host device and a PC card inserted in the PC is the Bluetooth device.All commands from the host to the Bluetooth module and events from the module to the host go through the HCI interface. The protocol stack is above the radio and baseband hardware, partly residing in the Bluetooth unit and partly in the host device. A Bluetooth solution can also be implemented as a one-processor architecture (embedded solution) where the application resides together with the Bluetooth protocols in the same hardware. In that case, the HCI is not needed. This is a feasible implementation for simple devices such as accessories or micro servers.Requirements of Bluetooth technology: †¢ If Bluetooth technology is to replace cables, it can not be much more expensive than a cable or nobody will buy it. †¢ Because Bluetooth technology is designed for mobile devices it must be able to run on batteries. So it must be very low power and should run on low voltages. †¢ It must also be lightweight and small enough not to intrude on the design o f compact mobile devices such as cellular phones, handsets etc. †¢ It must be as reliable as the cable it replaces and also it must be resilient. †¢ Bluetooth devices operate at 2. GHz in globally available, license free ISM band, which obey a basic set of power and spectral emission and interference specifications. THUS Bluetooth has to be very robust, as there are many existing users and polluters of this shared spectrum. Thus Bluetooth aims to be widely available, inexpensive, convenient, easy to use, reliable, small and low power. Specifications related with Bluetooth: |PARAMETER |VALUES | |Frequency Range |2. – 2. 4835 GHz | |Bandwidth of each channel |1MHz | |Data rate |1 Mbps | |Frequency hopping rate |1600 hops per seconds | |Range of operation |10-100 meters | Bluetooth system operates in 2. GHz Industrial Scientific Medicine (ISM) band. The operating band is divided into 1MHz spaced channels each signaling data at 1 Mbps so as to obtain maximum available channel bandwidth with chosen modulation scheme of GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying). Using GFSK, a binary 1 give rise to a positive frequency deviation from the nominal carrier frequency while binary 0 gives rise to a negative frequency deviation. After each packet both devices retune their radio to a different frequency, effectively hopping from radio channel from radio channel.In this way Bluetooth devices use the whole of available ISM band and if transmission is compromised by interference on one channel, the retransmission will always be on a different channel. Each Bluetooth time slot lasts 625 microseconds giving rise to frequency hopping rate of 1600 hops per seconds. Generally devices hop once per packet. .For long data transmission, particular users may occupy multiple time slots using the same transmission frequency thus slowing instantaneous hopping rate to below 1600 hops/ sec. BLUETOOTH NETWORKS: PICCONETS AND SCATTERNET:The Bluetooth network is called a piconet . In the simplest case it means that two devices are connected (see Figure 2a). The device that initiates the connection is called a master and the other devices are called slaves. The majority of Bluetooth applications will be point-to-point applications. Bluetooth connections are typically ad hoc connections, which means that the network will be established just for the current task and then dismantled after the data transfer has been completed. A master can have simultaneous connections (point-to-multipoint) to up to seven slaves (see Figure2b).Then, however, the data rate is limited. One device can also be connected in two or more piconets. The set-up is called scatternet (see Figure 2c). A device can, however, only be a master to one piconet at a time. Support for hold, park, or sniff mode is needed for a device to be part of the scatternet. In these modes a device does not actively participate in a piconet, leaving time for other activities such as participating in another pic onet, for example. The master/slave roles are not necessarily fixed and can also be changed during the connection if, for example, the master does not have enough esources to manage the piconet. Master/slave switch is also needed in the scatternet. Master/slave switch support is not mandatory. Most of current Bluetooth implementations support piconets only. Point-to-multipoint support depends on the implementation Figure 2. Bluetooth piconet and scatternet scenarios: a) Point-to-point connection between two devices b) Point-to-multipoint connection between a master and three slaves c) Scatternet that consists of three piconets Modes of operation: In connection state, the Bluetooth unit can be in several modes of operation.Sniff, hold, and park modes are used to save power or to free the capacity of a piconet: Active mode: In the active mode, the Bluetooth unit actively participates on the channel. Sniff mode: In the sniff mode, the duty cycle of the slave’s listen activity ca n be reduced. This means that the master can only start transmission in specified time slots. Hold mode: While in connection state, the ACL link to a slave can be put in a hold (possible SCO links are still supported). In hold mode, the slave can do other things, such as scanning, paging, inquiring, or attending another piconet.Park mode: If a slave does not need to participate in the piconet but still wants to remain synchronized to the channel (to participate in the piconet again later), it can enter the park mode. It gives up its active member address. Park mode is useful if there are more than seven devices that occasionally need to participate in the same piconet. The parked slave wakes up regularly to listen to the channel in order to re-synchronize and to check for broadcast messages sent by the master.. FREQUENCY HOPPING :Bluetooth technology uses a frequency hopping technique, which means that every packet is transmitted on a different frequency. In most countries, 79 chann els can be used. With a fast hop rate (1600 hops per second), good interference protection is achieved. Another benefit is a short packet length. If some other device is jamming the transmission of a packet, the packet is resent in another frequency determined by the frequency scheme of the master. This scenario is depicted in Figure 3 where packets of device 1 (colored packets) and device 2 (banded packets) are trying to use the same frequency.Note that this case only refers to situations where there are two or more simultaneous active piconets or a non-Bluetooth device using the same frequency in range. The error correction algorithms are used to correct the fault caused by jammed transmissions Figure 4. Three-slot and five-slot long packets reduce overhead compared to one-slot packets. 220  µs switching time after the packet is needed for changing the frequency. Subsequent time slots are used for transmitting and receiving. The nominal slot length is 625 (s.A packet nominally c overs a single slot, but can be extended to cover three or five slots, as depicted in Figure 4. In multi-slot packets the frequency remains the same until the entire packet is sent. When using a multi-slot packet, the data rate is higher because the header and a 220 (s long switching time after the packet are needed only once in each packet. On the other hand, the robustness is reduced: in a crowded environment the long packets will more probably be lost HOW DOES BLUETOOTH WORKS? Bluetooth devices have 4 basic States.They can be a Master (in control of a Piconet — represented by a large blue circle above), an Active Slave (connected and actively monitoring/participating on a Piconet — medium orange circles), a Passive Slave (still logically part of a Piconet but in a low power, occasionally monitoring but still synchronized, inactive, state — medium gray circles), and Standby (not connected to a Piconet, occasionally monitoring for inquiries from other devices, but not synchronized with any other devices — small white circles). IN IDEAL STATE Bluetooth devices initially know only about themselves and in this state they will be in Standby mode.Standby is a passive mode where a Bluetooth device listens on an occasional basis performing what are called Inquiry and/or Page Scans for 10 milliseconds out of every 1. 28 seconds to see if any other Bluetooth devices are looking to communicate. Passive behavior is inherent to half of Bluetooth’s states and is a key mechanism to achieving very low power. In Standby mode the Bluetooth device’s occasional attention reduces power consumption by over 98%. While all of the Bluetooth devices in the same mode it is important to note that they are NOT synchronized or coordinated in any way.Thus they are all listening at different times and on different frequencies. [pic] Enquiry and page procedures lead to connections ENQUIRY: Inquiry is how a Bluetooth device learns about other devices that are within its range. In the illustration above Node A executes a Page Function on the BT Inquiry ID and receives replies from other devices. Through these replies device A learns the explicit identity of these other devices (i. e. their unique Bluetooth device ID). During the Inquiry process device A continuously broadcasts the Page command using the reserved Inquiry ID which identifies it as as a Page Inquiry.These broadcasts are spread across a standard pattern of 32 Standby radio frequencies which all devices in Standby mode monitor on an occasional basis. Over a duration of some seconds it is certain that every Standby device within range will have received the Inquiry Page even though they are not synchronized in any way. By convention these nodes will respond with a standard FHS packet that provides their unique BT ID and their clock offset. With these parameters the Inquiring node can effect low latency synchronized connections.Node H (the dotted circle above) illustra tes how a Bluetooth device can be programmed to remain anonymous (Undiscoverable in BT jargon). This is a user controlled feature that suspends Inquiry Scanning, and thus device A’s Inquiry Procedure cannot discover Device B It is important to note that device H will continue to support Page Scanning however, and thus a user’s other personal devices (i. e. PAN) can penetrate this barrier by Paging directly to its unique Bluetooth ID. This is information that PAN devices can be configured to know and remember thus enabling private collaboration even when devices are undiscoverable.PAGING: In its general form the Page command establishes a formal device to device link between a Master (the originator) and a Slave. Master/Slave connections in Bluetooth are referred to as a Piconet. To create the piconet device A broadcasts the Page command with the explicit device ID of the target Slave (B in the illustration above) which was learned earlier through an Inquiry Procedure. Further, this connection can be very low latency if the Inquiry data is recent (and thus synchronization can be accurate), but the process will simply take longer if this is not the case.All Bluetooth devices except B will ignore this command as it is not addressed to them. When the device B replies, device A will send it an FHS packet back and assign it an Active Member Address in the Piconet. As an Active Slave device B will begin continuously monitoring for further commands from device A in synchronization with device A’s hopping pattern and clock offset. Further, standard Piconet activity continuously updates the clock offset data keeping the synchronization extremely accurate. Thus the Master and Slave states are not low power but exhibit very low transaction latencies. EXPANDING A PICCONET:Through successive Page commands a Bluetooth Master can attach up to 7 Active Slaves. 7 is a hard limit as only 3 bits are allocated in Bluetooth for the Active Member Address (AMA) w ith 000 reserved for the Master and the remaining addresses allocated to Slaves. Practically, 7 is more than sufficient given Bluetooth’s modest performance and dynamic configurability. Again, all Active Slaves to A continuously monitor for further commands addressed to them in synchronization with device A’s hopping pattern. PARKING: Parking is a mechanism that allows a Bluetooth Master to connect to an additional 256 devices. 56 is a hard limit as 8 bits are allocated in Bluetooth for the Parked Member Address (PMA). To Park a device the Bluetooth Master issues a Park command to an Active Slave and assigns it a PMA. This Slave then enters the Parked mode and surrenders its AMA. As a Parked Slave the device will revert to a passive mode and only monitor for commands on an occasional basis. The difference between Standby and Parked however is that the Slave will remain synchronized to the Master’s hopping pattern and regularly update its clock offset. Thus this device can be reconnected at any time with a minimum latency.BLUETOOTH PROTOCOLS: Protocols are needed to implement different profiles and usage models. Every profile uses at least part of the protocol stack. In order to achieve interoperability between two Bluetooth devices, they both must have the same vertical profile of the protocol stack. Bluetooth Core Protocols Baseband and Link Control together enable a physical RF link between Bluetooth units forming a piconet. This layer is responsible for synchronizing the transmission-hopping frequency and clocks ofdifferent Bluetooth devices [Whitepaper1, p. ]. Audio is routed directly to and from Baseband. Any two Bluetooth devices supporting audio can send and receive audio data between each other just by opening an audio link . Link Manager Protocol (LMP) is responsible for link set-up (authentication and encryption, control, and negotiation of baseband packets) between Bluetooth devices and for power modes and connection states of a Bluetooth unit. Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) takes care of multiplexing, reassembly, and segmentation of packets.Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) is needed when requesting device information, services, and the characteristics of other devices. Devices have to support the same service in order to establish a connection with each other. Cable Replacement Protocol RFCOMM emulates RS-232 signals and can thus be used in applications that were formerly implemented with a serial cable (e. g. , a connection between a laptop computer and a mobile phone). Telephony Protocol Binary (TCS-BIN) defines the call control signaling for the establishment of speech and data call between Bluetooth devices.AT commands provide means for controlling a mobile phone or a modem. Adopted Protocols OBEX (Object Exchange) is adopted from IrDA. It is a session protocol that provides means for simple and spontaneous object and data transfer. It is independent of the transport mechanism an d transport Application Programming Interface (API). TCP/UDP/IP is defined to operate in Bluetooth units allowing them to communicate with other units connected, for instance, to the Internet. The TCP/IP/PPP protocol configuration is used for all Internet Bridge usage scenarios in Bluetooth 1. and for OBEX in future versions. The UDP/IP/PPP configuration is available as transport for WAP. PPP in the Bluetooth technology is designed to run over RFCOMM to accomplish point-to-point connections. PPP is a packet-oriented protocol and must therefore use its serial mechanisms to convert the packet data stream into a serial data stream. The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) stack can reside on top of RFCOMM (based on LAN Access Profile) or on top of L2CAP (based on PAN Profile). The latter reduces overhead and is likely to become the preferred solution for WAP over Bluetooth.Wireless Application Environment (WAE) hosts the WAP browser environment. Dial up networking (DUN) profile protocol stack: DUN profile is inside the Serial Port Profile and therefore partly reuses the capabilities of the Serial Port Profile. For the DUN Profile, there are two device configurations (roles): †¢ Gateway (GW) is the device that provides access to the public network (typically mobile phones and modems) †¢ Data terminal (DT) is the device that uses the dial-up services of the gateway (typically PCs) The DUN Profile needs a two-piece protocol stack and an SDP branch.PPP over RFCOMM is needed for transferring payload data. AT commands are delivered over RFCOMM to control the modem (mobile phone). The application on top of the stack is either a driver application on a PC (data terminal) or the modem emulation on a phone (gateway). Bluetooth security: secret key All Bluetooth devices (master and slave) share a secret key in a particular system. This key is used during the authentication and encryption process. This key is not transmitted over the channel but is rather in-built b y the manufacturer. AUTHENTICATIONAuthentication ensures the identity of Bluetooth devices. Authorization is a process of deciding if a device is allowed to have access to a specific service. User interaction may be required unless the remote device has been marked as â€Å"trusted. † Usually the user an set authorization on/off to every remote device separately. Authorization always requires authentication. Authentication in Bluetooth is performed by an encryption engine which uses the SAFER+ algo. This algorithm requires the following: †¢ Number to be encrypted or decrypted †¢ master address †¢ Master clock secret key shared by master and slave. A random number is generated by the encryption engine using various keys. This random number is encrypted by the master using the secret key. This number is also sent to the slave. The encrypted reply of the slave is compared with the master encrypted data. If it is a match then the slave is authentic. BONDING AND PAI RING Pairing is a procedure that authenticates two devices based on a common passkey, thereby creating a trusted relationship between those devices. An arbitrary but identical passkey must be entered on both devices.As long as both devices are paired, the pairing procedure is not required when connecting those devices again (the existing link key is used for authentication). Devices without any input method, like headsets, have fixed passkeys. When two devices are linked with a common link the connection is called as bonding. There are two types of bonding: †¢ Dedicated bonding: Used to create and exchange a link key between two devices. †¢ General bonding: Data over the link is available for higher layers. ENCRYPTION Encryption protects communication against eavesdropping.For example, it ensures that nobody can listen to what a laptop transmits to a phone. Encryption demands the following: †¢ Negotiating encryption mode †¢ Negotiating key sizes-The key size coul d vary from 8 to 128 bits †¢ Starting encryption †¢ Stopping encryption SECURITY LEVELS A trusted device has been previously authenticated, a link key is stored, and the device is marked as â€Å"trusted† in the security database of a device. The device can access Bluetooth services without user acceptance. An untrusted device has been previously authenticated, a link key is stored, but the device is not marked as â€Å"trusted. Access to services requires acceptance of the user. An unknown device means that there is no security information on this device. This is also an untrusted device. Security Level of Services Authorization required: Access is only granted automatically to trusted devices or untrusted devices after an authorization procedure (‘Do you accept connection from remote device? ’). Authentication is always required. Authentication required: The remote device must be authenticated before connecting to the application. Encryption required : The link must be changed to encrypted before accessing the service.It is also possible that a service does not require any of these mechanisms. On the other hand, the application (service) might have its own user authentication mechanisms (a PIN code, for example). APPLICATIONS: 1. Bluetooth in the home will ultimately eliminate most every cable related to consumer electronics (except power). Your PC, scanner, and printer will simply need to be within 10 meters of each other in order to work. Your PDA, digital camera, and MP3 player will no longer need a docking station to transfer files or get the latest tunes (the exception will be to recharge, that power thing again).And, your home stereo and other equipment will join the party too. On the telephone front your cell phone will synchronize its address book with your PC and function as a handset to your cordless phone in the house (answering incoming calls to your home number and calling out on the cheaper land line too). Finally, even though its only 720Kbps, Bluetooth is still pretty fine for broadband internet access since DSL and cable modems are typically throttled to about 384K anyway. Bluetooth access points could well be as ubiquitous as 56K modems in 2 or 3 years. . On the road much of your Bluetooth PAN goes with you. Even when your laptop is in your briefcase and your cell phone is in your pocket they will be able to collaborate to access e-mail. And, next generation cell phones featuring Bluetooth and General Packet Radio (GPR) technology will function as a wireless modems with internet access at 100Kbps+. With such performance it is likely web based e-business will flourish and these devices will become the most prevalent Bluetooth access points.This may well be the Killer App that ensures Bluetooth’s widespread adoption and success. When you are literally on the road your car will join your PAN too. Here your cell phone may operate in a hands free mode using the car audio system and an i n-dash microphone even while comfortably in your pocket. Or you may use a wireless Bluetooth headset instead. And, your MP3 player will likely play music in 8 speaker surround sound, rip music right off of an FM broadcast, or record your phone calls for later review. And all without wires!!!Fixed land line access points (supporting up to 720Kbps) such as a pay phone in the airport terminal or lounge, or the desk phone in your hotel, will provide true broadband access in these strategic locations. Also look for the pay phone to evolve to compete for your cell phone calls too with its low cost land lines. In the world of deregulation and open competition future smart phones may even put your calls out for bid and channel the traffic over the carrier offering the lowest cost! 3. Telephone applications †¢ Hands free use †¢ File synchronization †¢ Calendars †¢ Contact management Land line I/F for voice and data 4. Consumer applications †¢ File transfer †¢ MP 3 †¢ Digital pictures †¢ Peripheral connectivity †¢ Keyboard/mouse/remote †¢ Printer ADVANTAGES: 1. Point to point and point to multiple links 2. Voice and data links 3. Compact form factor 4. Low power 5. Low cost 6. Robust frequency hopping and error correction 7. Profiles ensure application level 8. High level of security through frequency hopping, encryption and authentication 9. Non directional 10. Unlicensed ISM band LIMITATIONS: 1. 8 Devices per piconet with limited extension via scatternet 2.Short range 3. No handover facility 4. Maximum data rate of 723. 2 Kb/s 5. occupies the crowded ISM band 6. Slow connection setup References: †¢ Bluetooth 1. 1 —Jenifer Bray †¢ Wireless Communication -Krishnamurthy †¢ Bluetooth Specifications, Bluetooth SIG at http://www. bluetooth. com †¢ Bluetooth Protocol Architecture v1. 0, Riku Mettala, Bluetooth SIG, August 1999 http://www. bluetooth. org/foundry/sitecontent/document/whitepapers_presen tations †¢ Bluetooth Security Architecture, Thomas Muller, Bluetooth SIG, July 1999 http://www. bluetooth. rg/foundry/sitecontent/document/whitepapers_presentations †¢ Comprehensive Description of the Bluetooth System v0. 9p, Dan Sonnerstam, Bluetooth SIG, May 1998 http://info. nsu. ac. kr/cwb-data/data/ycra2/comprehensive_description_of_the_BT_system. pdf †¢ Bluetooth Technology Overview, version 1. 0, April 2003 http://forum. nokia. com ———————– [pic] Digital Camera Computer Scanner Home Audio System MP3 Player PDA Cell Phone Operational States Master Active Slave Parked Slave* Standby* ON THE ROAD Laptop PDA Cell Phone MP3 Player Headset Hotel Phone & Access Point

Depression: Signs and Symptoms

Mental Illness: Depression Depression a serious medical condition in which a person feels very sad, hopeless, unimportant, anger without enthusiasm, and often is unable to live in a normal life. Each person is different and will have unique symptoms, but here are some of the more common symptoms of depression: >Feeling of sadness and loss: Feeling that life is not worth living or worth the effort to even maintain their appearance or hygiene.They may believe that a negative situation will never change nd be pessimistic about their future >Feelings of guilt and worthlessness: Low self esteem and guilt assuming blame for negative events or circumstances. You may feel like a failure and have negative views about their competence and self- worth. You feel as if you are not â€Å"good enough. † >Changes in weight or appetite: Depression affects the appetite in one way or another. Often, you Just lose interest in eating because the food has no taste. When anxiety is high, you may not be able to eat.In some cases, however, people will overeat out of frustration or misery. >Changes in sleeping patterns like insomnia: Sleep disturbances are common symptoms of depression. A â€Å"good night's sleep† becomes virtually impossible. Many people complain of waking up in the middle of the night with their mind racing, wondering how they are going to overcome all of the obstacles before them. Others do little other than sleep but never feel rested. In both cases, the built up fatigue can aggravate every other aspect of depression.Reduces ability to think clearly or make decisions: It affects your ability to make decisions, think clearly, perform complicated tasks, concentrate, and remember things. You may feel that you don't remember things that you did before, that you cannot focus on your work, or that you are unable to make decisions >Anxiety: A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome. >Recurring thoughts of suicide or self-harm: When you suffer from depression, thoughts of suicide are often common.If there is no relief over a long period of time, suicide can feel like the only way to end the pain. >Social Isolation: Poor communication lacking connection with friends and family. Avoiding family gatherings and events. Teens that used to spend a lot of time with friends may now spend most of their time alone and without interests. Not sharing feelings with others, believing that you are alone in the world and no one is listening to you or even cares about you. Depression: Signs and Symptoms By spiderwebz

Implications of RFID technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Implications of RFID technology - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to discuss different applications of RFID technology and its implications on our society. RFID technology can change the way people realize business. Stores can create smart money cards that customer can use to realize their purchases. An industry that utilized RFID to create solution that customers wanted is the water park recreational industry. The enterprise Interlock created RFID tags that can be used by customer to open up lockers and to serve as smart money cards to replace the need to carry cash in the recreational water parks (Lock’em Up, 2010). The smart tags can also be used in these theme parks to identify the age and body specification of children such as height which may prohibit a child from using certain park rides. In the cellular industry companies have the capacity to insert RFID tags inside the mobile phones so that the devices can be used for payment system applications. The integration of the telephony and banking industry can further promote consumerism in the marketplace. Companies in the logistics business can use RFID tags to tag valuable assets in order to know its location at all times. The tags can be used for security purposes. The prices of the tags have come down a lot which has permitted many companies to take advantage of its applications. In the apparel industry company can keep better track of its inventory which can enabled firm to optimize sales during peak seasons. The total spending in RFID supply chain application in 2007 was approximately $1 billion (Ftc, 2005). Due to value of information many libraries across the United States and Europe are tagging their books with RFID technology. The use of RFID provides manager with a greater level of inventory control precision. This information can be used to improve their purchasing cycles. Some people believe that RFID

Bipolar Disorder Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bipolar Disorder - Assignment Example 35). Most individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder experience episodes of mania (or, in other words, elevated moods) and depression during their whole lives. When people experience mixed episodes, it means they are depressed and manic at once. While having mixed episodes, individuals may feel wound up, as well as they may have racing thoughts and find it difficult to stay still, as typically found in mania. At the same time, these people feel hopeless and have suicidal thoughts, as in depression (Basco, 2005, p. viii). Clinical features of bipolar disorder are associated with the following symptoms of mania: reduced need for sleep, euphoria, as well as grandiosity. Additionally, individuals’ condition is characterized by mood instability, irritability, plus reactivity. The behavior may be aggressive and oppositional with serious temper tantrums (Cutler & Marcus, 2010, p. 481). Children and adolescents diagnosed with bipolar disorder demonstrate manic behavior, for example, they may defy a teacher and make attempts to gain control over the classroom. Some other features are masturbating somewhere in a public place, taking part in life-threatening ventures, having unsafe sex with few partners, etc. Individuals with bipolar disorder are not able to sit still, have bothering thoughts which they fail to organize, act in an overly confident manner, and often â€Å"move too fast† (Cutler & Marcus, 2010, p.481). Bipolar disorder is subdivided into the following types: bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia, and bipolar NOS (Not Otherwise Specified) (Blazer & Steffens, 2009, p.301). To be diagnosed with bipolar I, an individual must have had one or more manic episodes. The latter is an alteration in individual’s mood which is euphoric, irritable or extremely expansive. It lasts for a week or longer and is accompanied by the following symptoms: reduced need for sleep, lack of energy, pressured speech, having racing thoughts, etc. Depressive episodes a re not necessarily experienced, yet rather common (Blazer & Steffens, 2009, p.301). To be diagnosed with bipolar II disorder, individuals must have had at least one depressive episode occurring with at least one episode of hypomania. The latter involves at least four days of mood that is altering which is accompanied by the symptoms mentioned in the previous paragraph (Blazer & Steffens, 2009, p.301). Cyclothymia is diagnosed in patients with cycling moods which cannot be fully referred to as mania or depression. As for bipolar NOS, these are disorders which have bipolar features and cannot be fully interpreted as specific bipolar disorders (Blazer & Steffens, 2009, p.301). Bipolar disorders are especially common in individuals whose behavior is characterized by substance abuse. Specifically, Leahy provides data that â€Å"the rates of concominant alcohol and drug abuse may exceed 50% in younger men† (Leahy, 2006, p.35). The following case A clearly portrays bipolar disorder. A is a 38 y/o Caucasian female who reports long periods of depression within last 10 years. She describes having numerous episodes of feeling depressed along with 2 suicide attempts of medicine overdose. She reports losing lots of weight during those times and having considerable sleep problems, in particular having trouble falling asleep and having early wake-ups. The patient describes several periods within the last 3 years when she was able

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT - Essay Example horough research on the present scenario of the international markets and puts forward the viable options that PALTEK can take to enter the international market successfully. The report also highlights the challenges and obstacles that the company might encounter when venturing internationally. Patek is a company basd in Bedfordshire and has around 70 employees currently. The annual turnover of PALTEK is  £5 million and the company is headed by Jack Leiter . They had earlier attempted to sell its products in international markets; however they didn’t succeed as expected, probably because they did not have a clear strategy to market their products internationally. That is the reason why PALTEK is looking for a better overall strategy which can enable them to be a successful global player in printed circuit board sector. The company is searching for potential international markets and also a restructuring of their internal organization for better management of its foreign operations. Presently, PALTEK supplies circuit boards for the B2B market and their main clients are the IT sector and the military. Although they have been successful in the UK market, they want to enter the Nordic as well as the US markets in a major way. They also have a presence in Asia, but they are primarily looking to expand their European market. They’ve been approached by a Swedish company for a partnership but the negotiations have not materialized. PALTEK’s goal now is to generate 20-25% of their total profit from the foreign market in the next two years. Internationalization is a process which involves a change in various facets of the organization. In order to succeed, PALTEK would require an in-depth knowledge of the international market, particularly the Nordic market for printed circuit boards. It also needs to modify its marketing approach according to the local needs of the particular market. Other major areas to change include development of better logistics,

Question response Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Question response - Coursework Example This in fact frequently happens, such organizations are called sects and their faith sometimes can be based on absurd things (like Flying Spaghetti Monster or something like this). That’s why there must be some criteria to estimate whether an organization can be authoritative enough to get funding, for example, worldwide acceptance and straight canon of religious traditions of an organization. One more problem with creating new faith-based organizations is that they can teach new generations to do some harmful things, because justifying, for example, not curing disease relying on â€Å"faith healing† may be even fatal. To control some things that people can justify by religion or faith government should pass some acts (especially ethical ones), which will require some definite behavioral patterns in certain situations. As far as religious organizations are social institutions, they work within certain state and under its law, that’s why they must be controlled by the government and be partly supported by it within some scopes of

Accounting project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting project - Essay Example The strategy shifted sales from the future periods to the current quarter. In addition, the approach assumed a gross profit on the future sales, which resulted in the inflation of the earnings in 1997. Therefore based on the company-adopted strategy, Dunlap accelerated the company’s revenues by 18 percent. The management had adopted this plan to improve the stock prices, which would have resulted from good earnings reports presented by the company (Sondhi, & Taub, 2008). The increase in stock prices would assist in the acquisition of debt financing for the merging process. The bill and hold strategy adopted by the company provided incentives to the customers to make purchases whose delivery and billing was to happen in the future. The customers were not expected to pay for the goods until when the goods were delivered. Actual payments of the current period sales occurred in the preceding quarters. Therefore, the sales were recorded in the books of accounts as accounts receivables resulting in the increase of the accounts receivables expected by the company. The company avoided a significant shortfall in revenues, therefore, the continued using the bill and hold strategy in the preceding quarters. In this case income was not recognised at the point of sale rather it was recognised immediately the customer accepted the bill and hold conditions. Revenue may be earned during a period, but it is usually recognised at a point to fulfil the revenue recognition criteria, which is satisfied at the point of product delivery. Based on this revenue is recorded when there is certainty of the cash being received. Based on sunbeam’s case record of 1998 quarter first revenues were recorded in 1997 due to the fraudulent bill and hold strategy that they had adopted (Sondhi, & Taub, 2008). The sales revenue acquired in the first quarter of 1998 was used to offset futures that the company had borrowed to satisfy the bill and hold

Stress Reduction In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Pediatric Essay

Stress Reduction In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Pediatric Massage - Essay Example Pediatric massage is an alternative and contemporary treatment that uses massage therapy. This is the process of manipulation of the soft tissues that is intended to promote the health and wellbeing of the autistic child. Massage takes into account each child’s cognitive and physical development of the child as well as the health care needs thus able to relieve physical pains and psychological torment acting as a stress reliever when applied to autistic children (Shipwright & Dryden, 2012). Research studies indicate that children with autistic spectrum disorder show less stereotypical autistic behavior and are more social and attentive after receiving a massage therapy. These children are equally less anxious after the reception of massage. Pediatric massage, when used by the caregiver, helps in strengthening the emotional bond between the caregiver and the child thus helps in reduction of stress each time the caregiver comes into a tactile association with the autistic child (Field, Diego, & Hernandez-Reif,

The Madding crowd Essay Example for Free

The Madding crowd Essay Although he appears reserved, Bathshebas maid Liddy warns her mistress that the insincere Valentine will worry him to death. Perhaps this is because it is common knowledge that a distant relative of Boldwoods went mad and subsequently Boldwood cannot take things lightly. Boldwood has no real passionate feelings for Bathsheba before she sends him the Valentine, but when he receives the declaration of Bathshebas love, it sparks off the beginning of an intense obsession. Boldwood struggles to cope with the extreme emotions that sweep over him; his sheltered childhood in a society where different sexes were kept apart, means he is completely unprepared to deal with his obsession logically. He describes his feelings towards Bathsheba as being as strong as death. He neglects his farm, which had once been his priority and does not appear to be affected by the money he is loosing and the staff he will have to dismiss. Boldwood sees Troys death as an opportunity to have Bathsheba for himself. He plays on her guilt by reminding her of how she had led him on, and pressures her into promising to marry him six years after Troys death. When Troy reappears to everyones astonishment, Boldwood cannot handle the shock and is dismayed at the thought of loosing Bathsheba once more. Acting out of desperation, Boldwood kills Troy and attempts suicide. He is sentenced to life imprisonment and left unbalanced, in despair and completely dysfunctional. Although his obsession drove him to kill another man, Boldwood is the victim who suffers the most from an obsession that has ruined his life. Comparable to Bathsheba, Sergeant Francis Troys main obsession is with himself. His callus and egotistical nature make him constantly determined to get his own way. Yet he is often not content when he gets what he is after and it seldom takes him long to set his mind towards striving for something else. However, this can sometimes lead to the beginning of another obsession. His pride causes him to overreact when Fanny confuses the church where the couple are supposed to be married. This is purely because of the humiliation she has caused him. Whereas most people would forgive someone easily for such an innocent mistake, Troy is so offended and shamed that he cannot bear to risk his reputation once more, even if it is for someone he loves. He turns his attention to Bathsheba as he thinks it is unlikely she will publicly humiliate him. The full extent of his shallow nature is revealed when Troy is married to Bathsheba but treats some of his servants with more respect than her. He abandons Bathsheba under the false pretence of drowning without taking her feelings into consideration and then returns to the farm oblivious of the pain he has caused. If he had not left Bathsheba for so long and been so untruthful towards her, it is unlikely Boldwood would have reacted in the way he did and Troy would probably have survived. Fanny Robin is a relatively minor character in the novel, however she is involved in a complex subplot involving Troy. She was deeply in love with him to the point of obsession. In spite of the mistake she made in confusing the church where she and Troy were due to be wed, Fanny was determined to be with Troy. She arranged to meet him once more in a place of his choice, far away and difficult for Fanny to reach. She attempted the lengthy journey on foot but eventually her steps became feebler and it was clearly impossible for her to reach her goal. Her resolution to be with Troy was indubitably strong but the exhaustion and fatigue she felt was ultimately stronger. Willing and ready to be with Troy even if it killed her, a few of Fannys last words were, If I could only get there! Perhaps I shall be in my grave before then. Tragically, the next time Troy set eyes on Fanny she was, indeed, in her coffin. Therefore it is fair to say that obsession killed Fanny Robin. An obsession can take over a persons every waking thought; it can drive them and people around them to despair and can even cause them to kill another or themselves by simply trying to fulfil that obsession. These things happened in varying degrees of seriousness to every character in Far From the Madding Crowd which therefore suggests obsession is a key feature of the Novel. The variety of obsessions in the novel highlights the many different forms in which people can be obsessed.

History Vietnam Controlled Assessment Essay Example for Free

History Vietnam Controlled Assessment Essay P1 Para-starter: Use of Defoliation to win hearts and minds. Point 1: Causes birth defects  Evidence: â€Å"Agent Orange is fifty times more concentrated than normal agricultural herbicides; this extreme intensity completely destroyed all plants in the area. Agent Orange not only had devastating effects on agriculture but also on people and animals. The Vietnam Red Cross recorded over 4.8 million deaths and 400,000 children born with birth defects due to exposure to Agent Orange. (http://vietnamawbb.weebly.com/napalm-agent-orange.html) Explanation: So it affected South Vietnam negatively, caused them to hate US and feel sympathy for VC. Evidence 2: Point 2: Use of napalm strikes Evidence: â€Å"Fail grey smoke where they’d burnt off the rice fields, brilliant white smoke from phosphorus, and deep black smoke from napalm. They said that if you stood at the base of the column it would suck the air right out of your lungs.† (Sauvain, Philip: Vietnam) Explanation: Consequently shows how bad it is from American POV so would be worse for random civilian. Evidence 2: Para-ender: Overall, defoliation is bad because it makes civilians hate US. P2 Para-starter: Use of Search and Destroy to win hearts and minds Point 1: Ruthless aggression of Americans Evidence: â€Å"Frustrated and frightened American troops settled on searching villages and destroying those instead. In most cases these villages played no role in supporting the VC.†(Demarco, Neil: Vietnam) Explanation: Because of this Americans would kill innocents (Refer to My Lai Massacre and Zippo lighters) Evidence 2: Para-ender: As a result, brutality of US caused the civilains to hate the US P3 Para-Starter: In addition, use of Search and Destroy to counter VC Point 1: VC were well prepared Evidence: Such missions were ineffective because at the slightest hint of american activity the communist forces would slip away into the jungle.(Bircher, Rob and May-History controlled assessment) Explanation: Shows how well prepared VC were compared to americans Evidence 2: 60%of US casualties from the war came from traps and mines Explanation: Shows how vulnerable Americans were, demoralized American troops and failed to counter VC P4 Para-starter: Finally, Defoliation counters VC Point 1: Successful to an extent Evidence: It is estimated that approximately 77 million litres of this acid was sprayed over Vietnam (Rob Bircher and Steve May History Controlled Assessment) Evidence 2:Nearly 5.5 million acres of South Vietnamese forest and cropland(Gibson, Michael The war in Vietnam) Explanation: initial plan to uncover Ho Chi Minh trail, but not fully achieved. Para-ender: In Addition, they couldnt do more damage cause communists are supported by USSR and China.

The Political Environment Of The Business Politics Essay

The Political Environment Of The Business Politics Essay A business organization is surrounded by various factors that help in the development and growth of the business. These factors constitute the environment of a business. Environment refers to all those factors or forces that can have a strong impact on the functioning of the business and its operations. A business is been circled through some pattern or forces that puts a business to take effective decisions to make all the components work in an efficient manner. These environmental forces have their different adverse effect depending on the level of the organization. The Business environment generally can be divided in two types: MICRO ENVIRONMENT: The micro environment is also known as the internal environment of the business. Micro environment includes all those factors that are in the control of the business. Internal environment determines the strengths and weakness of the company. This environment is the backbone of the business that help a company to know its business and its important parts that together make a business perform. It involves the factors that are directly attached with a business unit. Basically, Micro environment includes: -Customers -Suppliers -Products -Shareholders -Competitors -Employees MACRO ENVIRONMENT: The macro environment is also known as the external environment of the business. Macro Environment includes all those factors on which the business has no control. Due to this, they have a dramatic effect on the success and profits of the business. External Environment determines the Threats and opportunities of the company. It involves the factors that are indirectly attached with the business. Macro Environment includes: -Economic Environment -Technological Environment -Cultural Environment -Demographic Environment -Natural Environment -Global Environment -Political-Legal Environment POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS The Political environment includes all laws, government agencies that influence an organization. Political environment can affect a business either positively or negatively depending on the prevailing situation in a particular country. Generally political environment includes: Political-legal institutions The form of government The ideology of the ruling party The strength of opposition Role and responsibility of bureaucracy These factors influence the business in an enormous amount. The political system prevailing in a country decides, promotes, encourages, directs and controls the business activities of that country. A country requires a honest, stable, efficient and dynamic political system for its economic growth. These are explained as: POLITICAL-LEGAL INSTITUTIONS: India is a democratic country. In india, there are three types of political institutions namely legislative, executive and judiciary. -Legislative Of the three, the legislature is the most powerful political institution with boost powers such as law-making, budget, Policy making, Budget approving, Executive control, etc. The impact of Legislature on Business is very influencing. It decides that what business activities should be carried out in a country, Who should own them, what should happen to their earnings and various other factors. -Executive: It is also known as Government institution. Government is the central authority that has the power to regulate the business and control its operations. This institution defines the boundaries of a business unit. Executive Institutions aims at Directing and controlling of Business activities. Executive Environment involves Responsibility of Business to Government and The responsibility of Government to The Business. -Judiciary: Judiciary provides the business, a manner in which the work of the Business has to be fulfilled. The judiciary in India is influenced by its political system. The Government of India defines the legal framework within which firms do their respective business. Indian Judiciary has mainly two powers: >The authority of the courts to settle legal disputes. >The authority of the courts to rule on the constitutionality of legislation. THE FORM OF GOVENRMENT: The political environment of a business is also affected by the form of the government a country has. The Government of India, mainly known as the Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India. It Governs 28 states and 7 union territories. It is Situated in New Delhi that is the capital of India. The government comprises three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judiciary. The executive branch is headed by the President, who is the Head of State and exercises his or her power directly or through officers subordinate to him. The legislative branch or the Parliament consists of the lower house, the Lok Sabha, and the upper house, the Rajya Sabha, as well as th President. The judicial branch has the Supreme Court at its apex, 21 High Courts, and numerous civil, criminal and family courts at the district level. India is the largest democracy in the world. Government type in India: In India, every district and state has a different government type to run at various levels. Some of them are: Absolute monarchy a form of government where the monarch rules unhindered, i.e., without any laws, constitution, or legally organized opposition. Communist a system of government in which the state devices and controls the economy and a single often authoritarian party holds power; state controls are imposed with the elimination of private ownership of property or capital while claiming to make growth toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people (i.e., a classless society). Constitutional a government by or operating under an authoritative document (constitution) that sets forth the system of fundamental laws and principles that determines the nature, functions, and restrictions of that government. Democracy a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but periodically renewed. Democratic republic a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens allowed to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them. Monarchy a government in which the supreme power is stuck in the hands of a monarch who reigns over a state or territory, usually for life and by hereditary right; the monarch may be either a sole complete ruler or a sovereign such as a king, queen, or prince having a limited authority as per the constitution. Socialism a government in which the means of setting up, producing, and distributing goods is controlled by a central government that supposedly seeks a more just and equitable distribution of property and labor; in actuality, most socialist governments have ended up being no more than dictatorships over workers by a ruling elite. Totalitarian In Totalitarian, the government seeks to subordinate the individual to the state by taking political and economic matters, the attitudes, values, and beliefs of its population. THE IDEOLOGY OF THE RULING PARTY: Ideology basically means the facts in mind of a person that how one perceives the ideas and strategies of himself to achieve the desired goals and targets. Ideology deals with the Psychology of a person. In constitutional terms, Ideology refers to the political abilities and ideas of a ruling party in power. Ruling party in power means the party that comes into power by lawful means and who has the powers to rule his/ her specified area. In India, various ruling parties are ruling from the past times. Some of them are: INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS BHARTIYA JANATA PARTY SAMAJWADI PARTY COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDIA INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS: Indian National Congress (INC) is the largest political ruling party in India. INC is one of the oldest political democratic ruling parties in the world. It was founded in 1885 by members of occultist movement. It was not so much popular at that time. But After the independence (1947), when the ruling come on the hands of Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira C:UsersAnshulDownloads170px-Jawaharlal_Nehru.jpg C:UsersAnshulDownloads170px-Indira_Gandhi_1966.jpg Gandhi, INC has touched the new peeks of success every time by its strong decision making and ideas that leads the whole country. In 2009, the congress becomes the single largest party in Lok Sabha where 205 of INC candidates got elected to the 543-member house. BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY: Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), is also one of the largest political ruling party in India. BJP was established in 1980. BJP concentrates of factors like self-reliance,  social justice, foreign policy, Fiscal Policy, etc. C:UsersAnshulDownloadsAb_vajpayee.jpg The BJP headed the national government from 1998 to 2004, under the Leadership of  Atal Bihari Vajpayee, making it the first non-Congress  government to last the full term in office. SAMAJWADI PARTY: Samajwadi Party  is a  political party  in  India operated in Uttar Pradesh. It was founded on October 4, 1992. This party aims at serving the society especially to the classes which are not so popular as compared to other segments. It mainly worked on the Backward Classes. THE STRENGTH OF OPPOSITION: The opposition in a democracy plays as vital a role as the government. In India, there are a lot of opposition parties that are constantly quarrelling among themselves. This is the greatest back point of Indian democracy. In India there is no strong and fair opposition strength. The opposition parties do not have any clear cut programme and policies. The leaders of the opposition parties also have no idea of their aims and objectives. They always quarrel for power and their ruling. There are often defections in the parties. People do not have trust in such parties, and so the oppositions fails to secure a majority in the elections. In the legislature itself, their leaders indulge in negative criticism to gain their political ends. Oppositions play a very significant role in the democracy of a country. The opposition can help a country in accelerating its resources, and it may also slower down the pace of the country. For instance, the violence in Gujarat, Bihar, Assam and Punjab resulted in great loss of life and the oppositions power to achieve their objectives. The Governments policy of State Trading in Food grains was wrongly criticized for political reasons. The result was that procurement targets could not be reached and wheat had to be import to build up comfortable buffer stock. This was essential to hold the price-line. Such a destructive move towards is against the national interest. The main reason for slow growth of India is the opposition parties. These parties only aim at selfishness and they forget their aims and objectives. Parties can come together on the basis of ordinary ideology. For example, the Bharatiya Janata Party was a combination of a number of strong political parties. It could not rule the nation for any length of time. It was thrown out of power due to the inter-quarrelling of the opposition parties. In a democracy, the Government and the opposition parties should together aim at only one objective i.e. the benefit of people. The opposition should criticize the government in such rules that will affect the interest of the people. Criticism should be based on sound ideas, rules and principles. Opposition parties must keep in mind that they may be called upon by the people to form the Government by any time. Therefore, they should do their work will full efficiency and dedication. ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY OF BUREAUCRACY: A  bureaucracy  is a group of non-elected officials within a government or other institution that implements the rules, laws, ideas, and functions of their institution. Bureaucracy is also known as Personnel management, manpower management, etc. because it mainly deals with public administration. It deals with classification, recruitment promotion compensation, discipline and retirement benefits of the personnel in government. ROLE OF BUREAUCRACY IN INDIA 1. Implementation of Policy It is the most important and fundamental function of Bureaucratic approach. It executes laws and policies to attain the goals of welfare state that is social equity economic development. It is done with the help of civil servants. 2. Formulation of Policy- Formulation of Policy is the second function of Bureaucratic approach. It is performed by political executives. Civil servants advise the ministers in policy making. Political executives being amateurs cannot understand the technical complexities and difficulties of the policies and hence they depend upon the expert advice of professional civil servants. 3. Delegated Legislation- This is a legislative function that is performed by the Civil Service. Due to lack of time, pressure of work and increased complexities of legislation, the legislative makes laws in short form and delegates the powers to the subordinate executives to complete the Laws, rules and regulations. 4. Administrative Adjudication- This is a judicial function performed by the civil service. The civil servants settle disputes between the citizens and the state.

The Many Faces of Freedom? Essay -- Expository Exemplification Essays

The Many Face of Freedom? Freedom is a concept that people are often willing to die for and it is the cause of much fighting. However, few people ever claim to dislike freedom. This raises an interesting question: how can people fight over what is generally considered to be a positive idea? Does this mean that someone must be against freedom? The answer is that people cannot agree on what freedom is, thus numerous groups can claim to be "for freedom" while strongly disagreeing on the means by which to achieve it. These groups often argue vehemently and passionately, trying to convince the majority that their side is right. However, emotion is only one part of deciding who is more persuasive. I offer two examples of disagreements regarding freedom, as proof that freedom is neither tangible, nor a singular idea. An example of a disagreement about freedom between two larger groups is offered in Michael Rossman's account of a student protest in "The Wedding Within the War". Feelings between students and the administration came to a head in an argument regarding tables set up by student organizations to meet new members and pass out information. The administration first restricted the students' rights by forcing them to move the tables from the heart of campus to the edge of campus, further from the majority of students. Then, a few years later, the students were told that they were not allowed to have the tables at all (102). Since their campus is a microcosm of the larger government of America, this limiting of their rights frightened them, causing them to react. As a result, they held a demonstration to make these concerns heard. Their main point, as presented in "Catch-801" by Marvin Garson was that "the University Administ... ...s to be a singular concept. The personal quality of an individual's definition of freedom is also the reason why the students were able to be more persuasive. Their writing contained a sense of personal concern, that decisions made regarding freedom would impact each one of them individually. In contrast, political speeches, although concerned more with the majority, spoke more in terms of abstract freedom, which is much less persuasive. Works Cited Garson, Marvin. "Catch-801." Takin' It to the Streets. New York. NY: Oxford University Press, 1995. Reagan, Ronald. "Freedom vs. Anarchy On Campus." Takin' It to the Streets. New York. NY: Oxford University Press, 1995. Rossman, Michael. "The Wedding Within the War." Takin' It to the Streets. New York. NY: Oxford University Press, 1995. Roth, Philip. Goodbye, Columbus. New York. NY: Bantam Books, 1968.

Explain what is meant by the full employment level of National Income :: Economics

Explain what is meant by the full employment level of National Income and Equilibrium level of National Income. Why might these levels of income be different? National Income is the level of total output, expenditure or income of an economy over a period of time. The main measure of NY used around the world today is Gross Domestic Product, or GDP. This is a measure of all domestic production, that is, production not including trade, which takes into account the value of indirect taxes such as GST. Full employment level of National Income means the level of total output attained when unemployment is at a socially acceptable level. In most cases this is around 5%, however it does tend to vary. If a government sets a target unemployment level and this is reached, the economy is said to be operating at full employment (Nf). Full employment also includes something called the natural rate of unemployment, which includes seasonal and frictional unemployment, as well as those individuals who do not wish to be employed. In other words, the natural rate of unemployment is the proportion of the workforce which voluntarily remain unemployed whilst the labour market is in equilibrium. We can see, therefore, that full employment may include some unemployment, although it is usually a small percentage of the working population. Equilibrium level of employment, however, may have a larger level of unemployment. The diagram below represents a situation in which the full employment level is illustrated. National Income $100b This diagram presents a situation where the SRAS and the AD curve intersect on the LRAS and $100b is the NY. The terms used in the diagram must be explained. SRAS stands for short run aggregate supply, which is the relationship between the aggregate supply of all final goods and services and the price level, holding all else constant. In the short run, the prices of final goods and services can change, but the factor prices do not. Because of this, it is not possible to generalise the time period referred to by the word short, as factor prices can change at any time for numerous reasons. The SRAS is upward sloping because of the law of diminishing returns, that is some inputs can increase whilst others may not, and the fact that resource bottlenecks may occur when the economy moves towards Nf. AD stands for aggregate demand,, which is the sum of all planned spending in an economy. The slope of the AD curve is due to the income effect and the substitute effect. AD is calculated by Consumption + Investment + Government spending + (Exports – Imports), or

Employment Essay

1. Using your adopted business or current place of employment as your primary example, please answer the following question. Do you think that most people are satisfied or dissatisfied with their work? What factors primarily contribute to their satisfaction or dissatisfaction? Using my current place of employment, I am going to say that I think most people are satisfied with their work. The factors that seem most important are that they enjoy the kind of work they’re doing and they do enjoy the coworkers. I think most of the people I work with would say they don’t love their job but they don’t hate it either. Most of the employees have a strong work ethic as far as being employed there many years and absenteeism is not a problem. Attitudes are not the greatest among us all of the time, but that is to be expected. 2. How can a participative management program enhance employee satisfaction at your current place of employment? In this type of program, employees are given a voice in how they do their jobs and in how the business is managed. I think this would help enhance employee satisfaction by making employees feel more committed to goals they have helped create. Morale is boosted when a commitment goes more noticed. I think employees would also feel more satisfaction because they would feel more involved and like they mattered. 3. Describe what you would tell a low-skill worker performing a simple and possible mundane task or job who wants more challenge and enjoyment from work. Using my current place of employment as an example, I would tell that specific employee to voice his/her concerns to management. If they show a sense of confidence in their performance to management, then maybe management will also have confidence allowing the employee to take on a more challenging position or task. I would also suggest to the employee to set goals for him or herself. When goals are met, there is much more satisfaction felt. 4. Some evidence suggests that recent college graduates show high levels of job satisfaction. Levels then drop dramatically as they reach their late twenties, only to increase gradually once they get older. What might account for this pattern? Maybe they are not being challenged enough for them or maybe the job has become too monotonous for them. After some time, maybe enjoyment is lost for the job. After the â€Å"honeymoon stage† of initially getting the job, everything becomes routine, and people start to become unhappy. 5. What motivating factor works the best for you  at your current job? The most important one for me is money. I have a family to support and bills to pay. They are my priorities that I have to take care of or were left without our basic needs and wants. My next most important factor is the friendships I have developed with my coworkers at my job. They are essentially a 2nd family to me. I am closer to some then others and have developed a sense of trust in these friendships.

Journey of Ancient Architecture: St. Peter’s Square

Journey of Ancient Architecture Ancient Roman Piazza Did Pieta Piazza Did Pieta = SST. Pewter's Square Figure 1 :SST. Pewter's Square Top View Basic Information Location: Vatican City Figure 2:Flag of Vatican City Year consecrated: 1626 Architect(s): 1 . Donate Aberrant 2. Antonio dad Seasonal the Younger 3. Michelangelo 4. Capo Borzoi dad Avignon 5. Giaconda Della Porto 6. Carlo Modern 7. Giant Lorenz Bernie Architectural style : Renaissance and Baroque Groundbreaking: 18 April 1506 Completed: 18 November 1626 Figure 3:Map of Vatican City Figure 4:Mussolini's approach to SST PetersFigure 5:Mussolini's approach to SST Peters SST. Pewter's Two rows of houses were demolished by Mussolini in 1936 to build this boulevard from Piazza San Pitter across the Tiber River to the center of Rome. This was said to be Mussolini's symbolic way of honoring the â€Å"conciliation† between the Vatican and the Italian government. Figure 6:SST. Peter Piazza Figure 7:SST. Peter Piazza Every Sunday at noon, people gather to recite the Angelus and receive the Pope's blessing from his window. * built by Bernie between 1657-1667 * SST.Pewter's Square has the shape of an immense ellipse, 320 m. Long and 240 m. Did, at its broadest point. * Once the basilica had been built, it was felt that a space should be created in front of it with a capacity sufficient to contain the mass of people who would flock here to take part in the most solemn functions. * A red porphyry stone mark the spot in the northwest corner of the Square where Pope John Paul II was shot. Figure 8:The Obelisk Figure 9: Lower Part of The Obelisk * It was hewn from a single block and stands 25. 31 m high on a base 8. Mm wide, weighing about 330 tons. * This obelisk was from Egypt and was brought to Rome by Emperor Caligula in 37 AD. It is the second highest obelisk in Rome, after the Lateran one, and the only one devoid of hieroglyphics, but with Latin inscriptions. * The obelisk rests upon four accountant lions, e ach with two bodies whose tails intertwine. * The inscriptions on the north and south sides of the base have texts written by Cardinal Silvia Antonio as a memorial to the moving of the obelisk. The east and west sides have exorcist formulas.Figure 10:The Wind Rose West Opponent I West North West Opponent Maestro I North West Maestro I North North West Dormant Maestro I North Attractant I North North East Dormant Greece I North East Greece I East North East Greece Elevate I East Elevate I East South East Elevate Sirocco I South East Sirocco I South South East Castro Sirocco I South Castro I South South West Castro Liberace I South West Liberace I West South West Opponent Liberace I * The Wind Rose uses the compass points to show the different wind directions.Figure 1 1 fountain * â€Å"Antics† fountain built in 1614 by Carlo Modern on the Saint Pewter's Square. * Located at both side of The Obelisk and all of them are parallel. SST Pewter's Basilica Basilica did San Pitter 145 0 Successive plans Brakeman's plan * The foundation stone was laid in 1506 when the plan was selected. * This plan was in the form of an enormous Greek Cross with a dome inspired by that of the huge circular Roman temple, the Pantheon. The main difference between Brakeman's design and that of the Pantheon is that where the dome of the Pantheon is supported by a continuous wall, that of the new basilica was to be supported only on four large piers. * Aberrant was replaced

Expressions in Horror: Dr Caligari and Nosferatu Essay

Two of the earliest examples of German Expressionism in film, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and Nosferatu are classics remembered as some of the best horror films of all time. These two films, directed by Robert Wiene and F. W. Murnau respectively, share several key aspects in common, while still retaining their own uniqueness that has left people debating which film is paramount, even nearly a century after their releases. This paper will examine these similarities and differences, and will seek address them in light of the German Expressionist movement they each resonate. The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and Nosferatu both tell the story of a young German man’s subjection to the madness of a dark overlord with seemingly supernatural powers. In Caligari, a young man named Cesare, who is a somnambulist (or sleep walker) is controlled by the powers of a crazy doctor, who orders him to kill innocent victims. In Nosferatu, a young man named Thomas Harker is sent to sell property to Count Dracula, a vampire who comes to haunt his life and town after becoming obsessed with Hutter’s wife, Nina. Though while these films share some key components in common, no one could ever call the two films the same. Robert Wiene’s The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari is defined by the films stage-like quality, due mostly to the unique set it is shot on. An example of German Expressionism, the director creates a world of stark lines, sharp angles, darkness, and shadows bringing the viewer into a surreal world. Unnaturally angled houses line crooked cobblestone roads. Misshapen rooms contain demented furniture. Rooftops are acutely angled to the sides. It is radically warped scenery, and helps create a genuine expressionist set. F. W Murnau’s Nosferatu, however, is shot in real world environments, but employs shadows to make small rooms appear larger then life, adding suspense and a feel of supernaturalism to the movie. The Count’s castle perhaps best conveys the expressionistic form, with its gothic architecture and abundance of shadow. Or, better still, the Count himself embodies the expressionist form, with his exaggerated features. His ears, chin and teeth are all pointed, and his stature is unique, hunched and very thin of frame. His eyes, much like Wiene’s Cesare, are darkly shaded, and his nails are long giving him a distinctly monster like quality. Both films successfully impress a dark mood by exaggerating the film’s dark aesthetic, drawing viewers into the mindscape of German Expressionism. The films also share in common a sleepwalking theme, and perhaps it was just Murnau paying homage to Wiene’s Caligari. Partway through Nosferatu, Harker’s wife Nina is described as being in a sleepwalking trance, specifically calling it â€Å"somnambulistic†. In fact, the character Nina looks surprisingly similar to how the character Jane looks in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. I don’t believe it is too extreme to suggest that perhaps Marnau played off certain motifs created by Wiene in wanting to create a horror film. However, Marnau’s depiction of Count Dracula is unsettling to this day, and many still believe that it remains the most terrifying portrayal of the character ever on film, perhaps only second to the iconic Dracula played by Bela Lugosi. Murnau certainly created his own sort of horror, so it could not be suggested Nosferatu is unoriginal. The use of shadows, especially when it comes to scenes involving the Count, create a horrifying imagine on the screen. While having never seen Nosferatu before deciding to write this paper, I immediately recognized a scene towards the end of the film, when the Count ascended a staircase to Nina’s room. Perhaps one of the most iconic scenes of early horror films, you see the shadow of the Count as he makes his climb up the staircase, hunched form, long fingernails, offsetting movement and all. It is his shadow you see climbing the steps, never his actual form, which may possibly hint at a metaphor. The German Expressionist movement was born out of the anguish following the Great War and before the birth of Hilter’s Germany. Perhaps, as suggested by James Franklin in â€Å"The Shadow in Early German Cinema†, shadows acted as a sort of â€Å"visual metaphor for evil or for the dark and threatening forces that allegedly lurked in the pre-Hitler German psyche or soul† . Both films use music to add suspense to the plot, however each film approaches it’s use in separate ways. Caligari is distinctively jazzy in nature, where as Nosferatu is more classical. Both films, however, create music that mirrors and changes with the action on the screen. In Nosferatu, music creates a terrifying feel to the movie, shaping the most horrific scenes remembered from the film. There are several instances throughout the film where silence is broken by a quite sound, almost like a heartbeat in the background, yet more off putting. While I am in no position to argue which film is the better, both have come to be the best examples of horror films to come out of this time period. Classic examples of German Expressionism at work, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and Nosferatu play with the presence of shadow, the distortion of nature, and the imaginations of audiences, even today.

Hawthorne’s Typical Females Essay

Hawthorne’s stories talks a lot about human evil deeds and nature. Several of the themes are parables or allegorical depiction of human nature. Many readers believes that his stories posses morals which represents the culture and traditions during his time. Others consider his approach as sublimely misogynistic due to his portrayal of woman. This paper ought to present an analysis of Hawthorne’s stories. This includes ‘The Minister’s Black veil’, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown’ and ‘The Birthmark’. It involves a critical analysis of the themes and the plot of the stories centering on the presentation of women or female characters in the stories. Also, a high regards on the prevalent culture and traditions during the period when the stories were written will also be analyze to provide a brief history or background as to how the author come up with such ideas. Hawthorne Former American Literature prior to Hawthorne’s stories represents woman or female characters as innocent or as mothers caring, gentle and kind. In this regards one can assume that women are viewed and treated as weak, emotional, understanding and naive (Amoia, 1998). Some even viewed woman as threats which is depicted by Eve. Others discard women as simply unimportant. In literature they almost always play the role of supporting characters if not servants. This mirrors the typical view of woman during Hawthorne’s childhood. Men view woman to be inferior. Nonetheless such outlook does not affect Hawthorne’s judgment. Some scholars believe that this is due to the fact he grows up without a father. Living his whole life with woman around him, helping and caring for him (Amoia, 1998). Ideas common during the time revolves also with equality of men and women as expressed by Rousseau and his followers. In literature, women are always seen as witness of a crime or victims. Hawthorne’s stories tries to remove this stereotypical female function by creating female characters that serves as men’s companions rather than their servants. There is also emphasis given on men’s fear of woman as the main theme of his writings. Such conclusions are made not through observation but by experience. One should also note that most of Hawthorne’s writings create an impact of social deviation. As he tries to include his main theme in his stories, he also tries to cover it with the disastrous result of human sins or of evil. His writings primarily describe the Puritan way of life and the culture in America most specifically in Salem, which is his home town. In reading Hawthorne’s short stories, one would come across a prevailing plot of man’s failure or loss of power. Power can then be considered as the central idea where Hawthorne’s writings revolve. Men are rendered as powerful, women are displayed as weak. Such denotations stagger with Hawthorne’s persistent referral to women’s control of life. Young Goodman Brown In the ‘Young Goodman Brown’, Hawthorne portrays a man who is innocent about evil. Thus, Goodman Brown is a character who does not know about his mistakes or sins. Faith is Goodman’s wife, which also symbolizes Goodman’s faith in general with reference to life and God. The discovery of treachery or unfaithfulness of Faith leaves Goodman with doubts and a stereotypical female figure similar to Eve. Goodman’s view of Faith as a loving, spiritual wife changes into a whore-like woman similar to most women he knows. In this regards it seems that Hawthorne tries to dissect the usual marital relationship by magnifying man’s common notion of woman. This being woman along with sex and all other things which they represent are tools or apparatus which the devil uses to fool men. It seems that this perspective thrives on men’s mind for as early and as long as the story of Adam and Eve exists. The Christian religion creates the idea and practice of sexual intercourse as something unnatural and must be done, privately between husband and wife. Thus as can be seen in the story of Goodman Brown, the belief in such dogma led him to think that sex is unnatural. Hawthorne gives the reader the view about sex as something that degrades woman for eternity making it a sin. The Minister’s Black Veil The next story which also describes man and woman marital relationship is ‘The Minister’s Black Veil’. Although the focus of the story seems to revolve around Mr. Hooper and his black veil, the reader/s cannot miss the part wherein Mr. Hooper had a talk with Elizabeth. Elizabeth is Mr. Hooper’s fiancee in the story (Stearns). She is a good woman and their relationship is good up until Mr. Hooper starts to wear the black veil. The conversation between Elizabeth and Mr. Hooper is a confrontation regarding the wearing of the veil and the reason for it. To everyone it seems that the veil symbolizes something close to a secret sin. Hawthorne makes the female character looks good or nice while male characters are displayed with evilness. In this particular story, the male character appears deviant not only to the citizens but to the church as well. The wearing of the veil seems to symbolize a secret sin indeed. Nonetheless, if one would read the story in light of the female’s role, one will see that the veil actually prevents the marriage between Mr. Hooper and Elizabeth (Stearns). In first reading one may regard Elizabeth to be inconsiderate. Mr. Hooper even begs her to stay. But upon reading the conversation again, one will see that the smiles of Mr. Hooper symbolize success or the triumph to stay away from Elizabeth. This is in line with the celibacy rule of the church. Hawthorne seems to make his reader consider the fact that celibacy is but a form a male expression of dominance over women. Everyone in the town believes that the veil that the minister wears symbolizes sin and evil. Hawthorne uses this symbolism to define the norms and the way people think in that town. The story ends with Mr. Hooper telling the people that it is fine if such veil represents sins, nonetheless his sins are covered unlike their sins which are revealed. Hatred of woman seems to be obvious in the first few paragraphs of the story. There are consistent referrals on bachelors attending the sermon. The minister needs to attend the funeral of a young lady and the wife who does not want to eat with the minister. With celibacy as a form of excluding woman to a specific male sphere, misogyny is brightly illuminated. With celibacy man has triumph to exclude woman from the power vested upon them by God. Inventions or the proliferation of such conventions still exist nowadays with the same purpose but with less effect. Hawthorne makes it explicit that the veil does create a barrier that grabs away the possibility of woman entering the Minister’s life. Hawthorne assists his readers to generate the idea that the veil generates ‘power’. When he explains how the veil functions on his sermons and how the veil makes the Minister look more authoritative, it crates the impression that a veil signifies power and/or control. The Birthmark This addictive stance of man towards power was moreover expounded on Hawthorne’s ‘The Birthmark’. In this story Hawthorne creates a man of genius, depriving from the usual religious role. Hawthorne manages to construct a character which is a ‘man of science’. Such man has dedicated all his life to the pursuit of Utopia and/or perfection that by which demonstrated through the man’s persistence to out do Mother Nature. The female figure in the story is Georgiana whom the author describes to be almost perfect. Such descriptions of perfection compose physical appearance which must be flawless and fair. This type of ‘beauty myth’ is something that exists during Hawthorne’s era up until today. This idea of beauty has successfully controlled women over the years. It defines woman’s status and possibilities in life. Another thing that is prominent in Hawthorne’s depiction of Georgiana was her submission to her husband’s wishes. The thought of her letting him do whatever he thinks to be applicable and best for her even if it means her own death. This sacrifice seems to explore the subjectivity of woman to men’s choices and women’s submission to men’s control. The story also depicts the profound way that men ‘disguise themselves’ as someone ‘not emotional’ concealing their true selves with a facade of illusions and self-deceptions. In the story, Aylmer conceal his emotional side by being a ‘man of science’ having the ‘genius’ to even try to counter nature. Although all of his experiments landed as failures, his display of objective knowledge gives him a higher authority or power over his wife. This is evident in the way by which the story ended, with his wife, Georgina submitting to his wants even at the costs of her death. The hatred of woman evident in the story as discussed by Fetterley covers man’s attempts to capture the power that both nature and woman share in common, the power to create. Such power is not available to men making him feel inferior. Fetterley also argues that the story provides insights on man’s ability to disguise ‘hatred as love, murder as idealization and failure as successes’. In this regard, I believe that Fetterley is right in her reading of the story. Man is indeed capable of masking himself with another identity apart from which he really is and what he really intends as can be seen on Aylmer’s vision of success marked by an inescapable failure, for his attempt to win over nature only led to a creation of death. Apparently, this creates an image that Aylmer is someone who would do anything to exceed nature and woman, even at the cost of death to prove his success. When Fetterley accounts that female was envisioned as ‘hideous and unnatural’ in the story, she mentioned the ‘cult of female beauty’ which create an idealization of women that makes her look ‘monstrous’ in her natural form. Women were portrayed to be hated on their natural form, just as in the story, when a birthmark represents an imperfection, a thing that may cause her to be hated and thus needs a remedy, which she will be wiling to accept even in expense of her own life. Fetterley showed that man posses such power over women that he can dictate and influence her outlook, he can even manage and control her life to his liking, making her a possession or a thing that owned by him. Deviation of Female Characters Georgiana deviates from the typical female character the most. She is someone who succumbs to the wishes of her husband as if she is a ‘lab mice’. Although she sees the blatant failures he committed in the past, she still worships his genius. At the face of death she still looks forward for his triumph. The other female character such as in the case of Elizabeth managed to leave her husband while Faith at least did not display such display of subjectivity. Elizabeth on the other hand deviates from Georgiana and Faith in the sense that she left her husband instead of standing by his side, which is the typical nature of Hawthorne’s female character. Female characters are always support characters but take the role as fire starters. It seems that they are the reason or is partially responsible for the actions made by their husbands. The male characters are displayed with an inclination towards evil. The woman are displayed innocent but it is implicitly shown that they are just doing what a good woman should do and how they should act in a society. At the least, plain reading of Hawthorne’s literature would create an image of woman as reason’s for male’s failure, an image that is common during their time. But thorough reading would guide the reader to the courage an power that woman posses and men lacks. Conclusion All in all, the writings of Hawthorne hold high respect for woman. Although it somehow discusses and depicts hatred of woman, it is quite obvious that it is not the authors purpose to promote such hatred. Instead the misogyny is elaborated to be able to present man’s cowardice and insecurity with respect to woman. It also present the different ways by which man tries to grab the power from woman by making them feel subordinates or looking down at them. Finally, Hawthorne creates female characters which display the typical female in his era. They do not argue with man as much as woman of today do however the way that men sees and/or treat woman stays the same. This might be rooted in the fact that women does not only permit men to treat them as subordinates and or objects but also encourage them. Work Cited Amoia, A. , Hawthorne’s Rome: Then and Now, Nathaniel Hawthorne Review. 1998. Fetterley, J. The Resisting Reader: A Feminist Approach to American Fiction. Indiana University Press. 1981. Stearns, F. The life and genius of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Wineapple, B. Hawthorne: A Life.. 2004. PagebyPageBooks. com. NAtaniel Hawthorne. Retrieved on April 18, 2008, from http://www. pagebypagebooks. com/Nathaniel_Hawthorne/

Absolutism and Consitutionalism

The 17th century was the turning point of absoluteism in Western Europe. In the beginning of the century, we spent a religious war dating from 1618 to 1648 called war today for 30 years. Cardinal Richelieu, Principal Minister of King Louis XIII, was able to maintain absolute authority over France during the war. Unlike Richelieu, Charles I in the UK has not been as successful as the Diet and does not struggle. France continued to prosper under this absolute monarchy, but the UK gradually began to shift to constitutionalism. France 's absolute principle is the political system related to Louis XIII, especially King Louis XIV. From the 16th century to the 17th century, the whole Europe developed absolute or absolute monarchy. Important politicians such as Cardinal Richilieu are faithful supporters of absoluteism. The absolute law means that the power of the monarch is theoretically infinite except for sacred law or so-called natural law. In absolute society, the only person who can cha nge the power of the monarch is his / her own lord. Therefore, it is difficult for an absolute monarch to dilute his authority and authority. In the 17th century, a new keyword called absoluteism was born. Absolutism is the political theory that all power should belong to rulers / juniors or dictators. Therefore, the absolute monarch is a ruler who governs by himself and does not undergo legal or constitutional rule. The monarch of an absoluteist considers himself a sacred right of the emperor. In other words, they can be held responsible only by God and can not judge beyond God. An ideal example of an absolute monarch of this era was Louis XIV who crowned the King of France in 1643. There are many points to show that he is considered to be an important absolute leader. During the transition from feudalism * to early capitalism *, the word absoluteism is often used with the monarchs of Europe, and the description of the absolute monarch was specifically discovered in the 17th and 18 th centuries. It is generally considered that the age of absoluteism began during the reign of Louis XIV (1643 - 1715) and ended with the French Revolution (1789). The main motivation of absoluteism is the 16th and 17th centuries. Protestant reform (1517-1648) brought about a series of violent and bloody religious wars, during which thousands of innocent people were murdered. For example, during the 30-year war (1618-48), the German state's population has declined by about 30% from about 15%, compared with 16% in the French population reduced by 16-18 million . During the French Religious War (1562 - 98) 2 million to 4 million *

Role of Nutrition Information is Influencing Consumer Choice Essay

Role of Nutrition Information is Influencing Consumer Choice - Essay Example ind out the level of awareness on the importance of labels on food products, and identify the factors that customers consider before purchasing a food product based on its label (Verduin, Agarwal and Waltman, 2005). Aim and Objectives The aim of the project is to understand the relationship of buying habits for food products as influenced by product labels. The objectives of the study include: To examine the behaviour of customers as they make purchases at a local supermarket To establish the level of customer awareness on the various requirements for food labelling To identify the relevant words that customers look for in labels when making choices on food products To determine the most significant details on food products to customers To identify if customers consider the health benefits of a food product or absence of health hazard before making a purchase To review literature on the effects of labels on customer choices when shopping for food products To discuss the reasons for t he choices that customers make after reading the labels on food products Literature Review Verduin, Agarwal and Waltman (2005: 2597) state that the consumer is the central player in the decisions that could help the nation reverse the obesity situation, and should be informed on the importance of keeping watch on the contents of foodstuffs that one consumes. In addition, the writers emphasise on the need for the food industry to be truthful in providing information to consumers, and adherence to other guidelines provided for ethical advertising. In addition, they assert that manufacturers should work in cooperation with the government (2610) and research institutions (2612); the government gives recommendations and enforces standards, while the research institutions ensure that the use of... This report stresses that this study is likely to encounter several limitations that may reduce its efficiency, and it has some shortcomings that may have a negative effect on the usability of the results for generalisation. First, the data collection approaches are expensive in terms of time and money, both of which may not be enough since the researcher may have other commitments. Second, the management of retail stores may not cooperate with the researcher, while customers may perceive the study as a waste of time or an infringement into their private lives. Third, the study makes many assumptions that may reduce the confidence level of the results; however, this can be countered by the use of secondary sources that allow the researcher to make exclusions and differentiations. One of the main assumptions is that a customer’s choice is informed by the contents of the label, and other factors, including price have little or no role to play. Finally, there is one ethical conce rn that the researcher has to deal with; observing customers and recording data without their knowledge may amount to doing research with people as subjects without their informed consent. Therefore, the researcher has to consult the ethics department of the institution before doing the study to clarify the matter. This essay makes a conclusion that the proposal is part of the process of preparing for a study, and every aspect of study must be cleared up to save on costs, identify potential obstacles and other unforeseen aspects of the study. The proposal must have the aims and objectives, and methodologies that will be used to answer the research question.